WILDLIFE REFUGE PROGRAMME
REPORT
Avifauna survey of
YACUTINGA WILDLIFE REFUGE
July 2000 to March 2001
Lic. Germán Pugnali
Supported by
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEX I. Annotated checklist of bird species recorded in Yacutinga Wildlife Reserve
ANNEX II. Other animal species detected during the surveys
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Yacutinga Wildlife Refuge is a private natural reserve that protects 550 ha of Paranaense forest. It is located in the northern end of the province of Misiones, in the vicinity of the locality of Almirante Brown (Fig. 1). This reserve was created through an agreement between the land owners, Carlos Sandoval and Otto Biedler, and Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina in 2000. Yacutinga is part of the Wildlife Refuge Programme, which manages a system of private reserves throughout the country.
The reserve boundaries are defined by a bent of the Iguazú River that comprises the north portion, privately owned fields to the south, and a Guaraní aboriginal community to the southeast. On the other side of the Iguazú River is the Iguaçu Brazilian National Park, which, together with the Argentine National Park, makes up an important core of Paranaense forest.
In the last years, many of the privately-owned fields surrounding Almirante Brown have been converted to yerba mate plantations (Ilex paraguariensis crops). However, some forest plots in different conservation states still remain. The land occupied by the Guaraní community, adjacent to Yacutinga Wildlife Reserve (WR), preserves standing forest.
“Yacutinga Lodge”, an ecotourism undertaking, is run within the Reserve. It has a lodging area and several trails used for visitors’ walks. There are also some small areas devoted to fruit and vegetable gardens, and open areas.
This study aims at elaborating a preliminary checklist of the bird species present in the reserve and surrounding areas. To define breeding and migration patterns, four surveys were performed corresponding to each season of the year. This report presents the results of the surveys conducted between July 2000 and March 2001. They could be extended in the future, so as to obtain a more accurate estimation of the relative abundance and seasonal variations of the species.
Fig. 1. Location of Yacutinga Wildlife Refuge (Misiones province)
METHOD
Four field trips to the study area were conducted: in winter (July 12-22, 2000), spring (October 12-17, 2000), summer (February 25-March 3, 2001), and autumn (April 12-15, 2001).
During each trip, presence-absence samplings were conducted along the Refuge trails, which were surveyed at least once per trip. On each survey, data on weather conditions and any other environmental factors that might influence counting were taken. Each species was considered recorded when it was visually or audibly detected.
At this first stage no data on abundance were recorded, since a higher effort was devoted to cover a greater distance and survey the maximum trails possible.
The study included night surveys, but the observations were not counted in the census. Hence, the species observed during the night are included in the list but have not been categorized by abundance.
The trails used, all walking trails except the Main road, are described below (Fig. 2):
1) San Francisco: this is a trail of less than 500 m. It extends along an area of tall trees with relatively open understory, up to the margin of the San Francisco stream, of approximately 10 m in width.
2) Camino Principal (Main road): this is a trail where vehicles are allowed, of about 3 km, which extends across the refuge up to the Iguazú River.
3) Guazú: the longest walking trail in the Refuge, of approximately 2500 m in length. It starts at the camino principal (main road) and ends at the hotel. This trail extends across diverse habitats, crossing areas of tall forest and open areas with bamboo forest.
4) Tajamar: this trail surrounds a swamp where aquatic vegetation grows, on one side of the camino principal. Some snags standing in the middle of the swamp are usually used as resting site by aquatic birds.
5) Guayabal: access trail to the ancient drainage network of the Iguazú River, which is occupied at present by a pond of 100 m long and 10 m of maximum width. This trail runs parallel between the Iguazú River and the camino principal. A great part of this trail is covered by a low forest, with dense understory.
6) Pastura: this is a U-shaped trail; its two ends open on to the main road. Its length is of approximately 1000 m. An open area lies in one of its ends, with grasses and pioneer trees.
7) Yerbal: this trail extends across the closest neighbouring plot, and includes mainly yerba mate crops.
Tacuara or “Cañaveral“: this trail forks from San Francisco trail and extends across a forest of yatevó (Bambusa trinii) almost up to the Stream.
9) Timbó: this is a short trail leading to a giant pacara earpod (Enterolobium contorsiliquum).
10) Cazadores: historically used by hunters, this trail extends along the margin of Iguazú River, between this river and its ancient drainage network.
11) Laguna huerto: this is a flooded area of approximately 0.5 ha, densely covered by pastures and weeds, located near the organic vegetable garden.
Fig. 2: Sketch of Yacutinga Wildlife Refuge and trails surveyed during this work.
References: 1) San Francisco, 2) Camino Principal, 3) Guazú, 4) Tajamar, 5) Guayabal, 6) Pastura, 7) Sendero perimetral, Yerbal, 9) Timbó 9) Cañaveral, 10) Cazadores, 11) Laguna del Huerto.
Description of the surveys:
Survey 1: Winter, July 16-22, 2000
| Census | Date
(d/m) |
Area covered | From | To | Weather conditions |
| 1 | 16/7 | Surroundings of the hotel | 17:30 | 18:30 | Rainy |
| 2 | 17/7 | San Francisco – Camino Principal – Guazú | 8:30 | 10:20 | Rainy |
| 3 | 18/7 | Camino – Tajamar – Guazú | 9:00 | 12:00 | Rainy |
| 4 | 19/7 | Camino – Guayabal – Laguna | 8:00 | 11:40 | Cold- Frosts |
| 5 | 19/7 | San Francisco – Hotel surroundings | 13:40 | 14:45 | Cold |
| 6 | 20/7 | Bordering trail up to the pond – Yerbal | 8:30 | 12:30 | Cold – Frosts |
| 7 | 20/7 | Cañaveral – San Francisco | 14:00 | 16:00 | Cold |
| 8 | 20/7 | Sailing of Iguazú River – San Francisco | 17:30 | 18:30 | Cold |
| 9 | 21/7 | Camino – Pastura – Tajamar | 9:00 | 13:00 | Cold |
| 10 | 21/7 | Tajamar – Pastura | 15:30 | 18:30 | Cold |
| 11 | 22/7 | Camino – Pastura – Guazú | 8:30 | 11:00 | Temperate |
Survey 2: Spring, October 12-17, 2000
| Census | Date
(d/m) |
Area covered | From | To | Weather conditions |
| 1 | 12/10 | San Francisco – Cañas | 11:00 | 12:00 | Hot |
| 2 | 12/10 | Camino – Guazú – Tajamar | 16:00 | 18:30 | Hot |
| 3 | 13/10 | Camino – Pastura | 05:30 | 07:30 | Hot |
| 4 | 13/10 | Yerbal | 7:30 y 13:30 | 8:20 y 15:00 | Rainy |
| 5 | 13/10 | San Francisco | 16:30 | 17:45 | Rainy – Cool |
| 6 | 14/10 | Cañaveral – San Francisco – Sailing | 07:30 | 12:00 | Rainy |
| 7 | 15/10 | Guazú – Camino principal | 08:40 | 11:10 | Cloudy – Wet |
| 8 | 16/10 | Main Harbour – Forestal | 09:30 | 11:30 | Partially cloudy – Cool |
| 9 | 16/10 | Guayabal | 14:30 | 18:00 | Partially clouded – Cool |
| 10 | 17/10 | San Francisco | 10:00 | 12:00 | Clear |
| 11 | 18/10 | Camino Yerbal – Guaraní | 8:00 | 10:00 | Clear |
Survey 3 – Summer February 25-March 3, 2001
| Census | Date (d/m) | Area covered | From | To | Weather conditions |
| 1 | 25/2 | Visitors’ center – main road – huts | 17:30 | 19:00 | Hot |
| 2 | 26/2 | Huts – Visitors’ center – San Francisco – Camino principal | 06:30 | 12:00 | Hot |
| 3 | 26/2 | Guazú – Camino principal | 16:00 | 19:00 | Hot |
| 4 | 27/2 | Guazú – Tajamar – Camino | 06:30 | 11:00 | Hot |
| 5 | 27/2 | Camino – Pastura – Tajamar – Pool – Vegetable garden | 16:00 | 19:30 | Hot |
| 6 | 28/2 | Camino – Pastura – Ancient drainage network -Guayabal | 06:30 | 11:30 | Hot |
| 7 | 28/2 | Main Harbour – Iguazú river – San Francisco (saling) | 16:30 | 18:30 | Hot |
| 8 | 1/3 | Guazú – New road to Iguazú – Way back | 06:30 | 11:00 | Hot |
| 9 | 1/3 | San Francisco – Tajamar | 16:00 | 19:30 | Hot |
| 10 | 2/3 | Camino – Pastura – Tajamar – Guazú | 07:00 | 10:30 | Hot |
Survey 4: Autumn _April 12-15
| Census | Date
(d/m) |
Area covered | From | To | Weather conditions |
| 1 | 12/4 | Guazú – Camino principal | 06:30 | 12:00 | Temperate |
| 2 | 12/4 | San Francisco – Iguazú – Farm -Tajamar | 16:00 | 19:30 | Temperate |
| 3 | 13/4 | Camino-Pacara earpod -Pastura-Tajamar-Camino | 06:30 | 12:00 | Temperate |
| 4 | 13/4 | Tajamar – Pastura | 16:30 | 19:30 | Temperate |
| 5 | 14/4 | San Francisco – Tacuara | 06:30 | 08:30 | Temperate |
| 6 | 14/4 | Cazadores – Main Harbour | 16:30 | 18:30 | Temperate |
| 7 | 15/4 | Yerbales – Andresito Farms | 07:00 | 10:00 | Temperate |
The bird list was elaborated on the basis of a preliminary bibliographic listing of species potentially present in the region. The order provided in Narosky and Izurieta (1987) was used, with modifications in the taxonomy, according to Ridgely and Tudor (1994). Abundance categories were established with the presence-absence data, as follows:
(R) Rare: 1 record / survey
(S) Scarce: 2-3 Records / survey
(C) Common: 4-7 records / survey
(A) Abundant: 8 or more records / survey
It is important to point out that these data are not directly related to density, since in many cases the same individual of a species that has a defined territory was recorded repeatedly. Simply, we intended to determine which species is more common or rare in each place.
Breeding, resident and migratory species were also determined. Migratory species were determined following the criteria found in the literature, as well as their exclusive occurrence in the summer survey.
The trails of the Reserve and surrounding areas were surveyed 28 times, totalling approximately 114 observation hours.
RESULTS
The birds observed in each of the censuses are detailed in Annex I; the scientific name, category of abundance assigned during the study (per survey) and conservation, migration and breeding status are provided.
A total of 220 species were observed. Eight migratory species were detected. Breeding evidence was found in 29 species. Five species are categorized as Vulnerable in the Libro Rojo de Mamíferos y Aves Amenazados de la Argentina (Red Book of Threatened Mammals and Birds of Argentina):
- Solitary tinamou (Tinamus solitarius): a pair observed in the first survey.
- Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata): observed once in the swamp in the first survey. Later, Mario Lapchuk saw it with 12 chicks, in the summer of 2001.
- Rusty-margined Guan (Penelope superciliaris): observed in low densities in all the surveys. Mario Lapchuck saw it with chicks in the summer of 2001.
- Spot-billed Toucanet (Selenidera maculirostris): recorded in the visitors’ center area during the first two surveys.
- Saffroun toucanet (Baillonius bailloni): a pair was observed in San Francisco trail during the spring campaign.
After winter a noticeable increase in bird activity in general was observed. Thus, it was easier to add new species to the list, besides others of migratory habits. As a consequence, the accumulated list of species has increased, as is shown in Figure 3:
Fig. 3: Number of species accumulated per survey.
The results of species abundance in each survey are presented in the following tables and figures:
Table I:
| Survey | Total of species | Accumulated Number of species | Abundant | Common | Scarce | Rare |
| 1 – Winter | 134 | 134 | 31 | 27 | 35 | 41 |
| 2 – Spring | 140 | 181 | 8 | 50 | 51 | 31 |
| 3 – Summer | 127 | 197 | 22 | 38 | 36 | 31 |
| 4 – Autumn | 139 | 220 | 9 | 25 | 45 | 60 |
Table II:
| Survey | Abundant | Common | Scarce | Rare | Total |
| 1 – Winter | 31 | 27 | 35 | 41 | 134 |
| Percentage | 23,1343284 | 20,1492537 | 26,119403 | 30,5970149 | 100 |
| 2 – Spring | 8 | 50 | 51 | 31 | 140 |
| Percentage | 5,71428571 | 35,7142857 | 36,4285714 | 22,1428571 | 100 |
| 3 – Summer | 22 | 38 | 36 | 31 | 127 |
| Percentage | 17,3228346 | 29,9212598 | 28,3464567 | 24,4094488 | 100 |
| 4 – Autumn | 9 | 25 | 45 | 60 | 139 |
| Percentage | 6,47482014 | 17,9856115 | 32,3741007 | 43,1654676 | 100 |
Figure 4: Percentage of species with respect to their abundance, recorded in survey 1.
Figure 5: Percentage of species with respect to their abundance, recorded in survey 2.
Figure 6: Percentage of species with respect to their abundance, recorded in survey 3.
Figure 7: Percentage of species with respect to their abundance, recorded in survey 4.
CONCLUSIONS
The method proved to be an efficient and quick tool to detect the greatest number possible of the species in the reserve.
Gathering presence-absence data in the surveys provides a general idea of abundance per survey, which in turn provides information on migration movements and enables comparisons among species.
The number of species recorded accumulatively (Fig. 1) clearly shows an increase in the list, with a “plateau” towards the end. This shows a tendency that enables us to approximately estimate the total number of species present in the refuge. The curve seems to adopt an asymptotic shape towards the end; hence, some additional 70 species are expected to be incorporated in the medium term and at least other 30 species in the long term, reaching an estimated number of 320.
In the abundance graphs, it can be observed that more than 50 % of the species are categorized as rare or scarce, which might be attributed to a characteristic of the tropical forests where the species diversity is high, with less abundance of individuals per species. These results agree with those obtained by Saibene et al. (1996) for Iguazú National Park.
Comments on each species are included in the bird checklist (Annex 2).
The highest bird diversity is observed in the Guazú-Camino Principal survey, possibly because it is a long circuit that covers both understory areas in a narrow trail and open areas where the forest canopy can be fully observed (road).
RECOMMENDATIONS
This study raises new issues that would be interesting to explore to increase our knowledge on the ecosystem and to obtain new tools for the management and conservation of the reserve.
It is particularly recommended:
- To describe the vegetation of the reserve quantitatively and qualitatively.
- To map the vegetation.
- To measure bird diversity in each habitat, preferably following Olmos’ formula, which has proved to be efficient in Iguazú National Park (Saibene et al. 1996).
- To compare these results with one another and with data from surrounding areas (eg. Iguazú National Park, modified areas).
- Within homogeneous areas, to compare observations in trails of different length and width.
- To perform systematic surveys of other animal species, especially vertebrates and invertebrates of special interest for the visitor (eg., Lepidopteran)
It is also recommended to continue with the harvest of exotic ornamental plants (mainly buzzy lizzy Impatiens walleriana), which have started to spread out of the pots; and to set up a programme to introduce Yacutinga (Aburria jacutinga), the species that gives its name to the place and that has demonstrated to adapt to human presence in Iguazú National Park and Urugua-í Provincial Park.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Above all, I would like to highlight the human warmth that people at Yacutinga lodge offered me. I would like to thank especially Charlie and Micky Sandoval, who have allowed me to conduct the work in the Reserve, providing me with all what was necessary to carry out the campaigns. I am also grateful to Orlando, Mario and Saúl, who accompanied me in the forest surveys, sharing our experiences.
I am grateful to Mr. Otto Biedler, owner of the land, for his concern for conservation of the natural area.
I am thankful to Lic. Alejandra Carminati and Diego Moreno, from Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, for their assistance and advice in data analysis and preparation of this report.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chebez, Juan Carlos. 1996. Fauna Misionera. Catalogo sistemático y Zoogeográfico de los vertebrados de la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina. LOLA. Buenos Aires.
García Fernández, J. J., Ojeda R. A. , Fraga R. , Díaz, G. B. , Baigún, R. J.1997. Libro Rojo de Mamíferos y Aves Amenazados de la Argentina. – Fucema.
Narosky T. y D. Izurieta. 1987. Guía para la Identificación de las Aves de Argentina y Uruguay. Asoc. Ornitológica del Plata. B. Aires.
Ridgely R. & G. Tudor, 1994, The Birds of South America. Volumes I and II. University of Texas press, Austin.
Saibene C., M. Castelino, N. Rey, J. Herrera y J. Calo.1996. Inventario de las aves del Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. LOLA.
ANNEX I: Annotated checklist of the bird species recorded in Yacutinga WR.
SCIENTIFIC NAME
COMMON NAME JulyOctoberFebruary-MarchAprilThreatenedMigratoryBreeding 1Crypturellus obsoletus – Brown Tinamou
Usually heard within the reserve, in the Guazú trail. CCSR 2Crypturellus tataupa – Tataupa Tinamou
Usually observed or heard in yerba mate plantations or open areas.SS R 3.Crypturellus parvirostris – Small billed Tinamou
Same as previous species.SR 4. Tinamus solitarius – Solitary Tinamou
A pair observed in the first survey in Guazú path. SV
U5. Anhinga anhinga – Aningha
Observed in the Iguazú RiverR6. Phalacrocorax olivaceus – Neotropic Cormorant
Observed in Iguazú River.SRSS7.Ardea cocoi – White necked Heron
A single observation near the swamp. R8.Tigrisoma lineatum – Rufescent Tiger Heron
Usually seen in the swamp, where it was seen nesting by Mario Lapchuck. CRB9.Egretta alba – Great Egret
Seen flying over the Iguazú River.S10. Bubulcus ibis - Cattle Egret
Flocks fly over Iguazú River. Also in open areas or open fields, outside the reserve. SR11.Butorides striatus – Striated Heron
Lives in the swamp, where it was observed with a chick (Mario Lapchuk).SSB12.Nycticorax nycticorax – Black Crowned Night Heron
A single observation in the swamp at dawn.R13.Mesembrinibis cayannensis – Green Ibis
Inhabits watercouses and usually occurs on the swamp at sunset. SRS14.Cairina moschata – Muscovy Duck
Seen in the swamp, perching in the tall branches of the surrounding trees. It was observed in winter with 12 chicks in the swamp (Mari Lapchuk). RV
UB15. Dendrocygna viduata – White-faced Tree-Duck
Seen in a pond in the farms near the reserve. R16. Amazonetta brasiliensis – Brazilian Duck
Seen twice in the swamp or in a pond near the main harbour. RS17.Oxyura dominica – Masked Duck
Only a female was observed once in the swamp in winter.R18.Cathartes aura – Turkey Vulture
Both this species and the following one are frequently seen flying over the reserve. ACCS19.Coragyps atratus – Black VultureACCC20. Geranoaetus melanoleucus – Black-crested Buzzard Eagle
A young individual seen gliding over the San Francisco Stream.R21.Elanoides forficatus – Swallow tailed Kite
Migratory species; it was seen flying over the reserve in summer. CM22.Ictinia plumbea – Plumbeous Kite
Migratory species; seen in spring. Breeding species. (Mario Lapchuk).AMB23. Rostrhamus sociabilis – Everglade Kite
An individual was observed in two surveys (winter and spring) in the swamp. CR24.Harpagus diodon – Rufous thighed Kite
Two individuals seen: one in Guayabal trail and the other in San Francisco trail. S25.Buteo magnirostris - Roadside Hawk
One of the most common birds of prey; usually seen perching or flying over semi-open areas. CCCS26. Buteo brachyurus – Short tailed Hawk
One individual was seen gliding over the main road. R27. Polyborus plancus – Southern Caracara
Seen on few occasions, generally near the Iguazú River. RS28.Milvago chimachima – Yellow headed Caracara
Prefers open or modified areas; only recorded once in the reserve. S29.Micrastur semitorquatus – Collared Forest Falcon
One individual heard in the main road in autumn. R30.Micrastur ruficollis – Barred Forest Falcon
Usually heard in the hotel area. RS31. Herpetotheres cachinnans – Laughing Falcon
One individual vocalizing was observed briefly one morning on the main road.R32.Falco sparverius – American Kestrel
Seen in the farms near the reserve. X33.Penelope superciliaris – Rusty margined Guan
Seen with chicks (Mario Lapchuk).RRRRV
UB34.Odontophorus capueira – Spot winged Wood Quail
Heard once. R35. Aramus guarauna – Limpkin
Present in the swamp, where it was also observed with 3 chicks in summer (Mario Lapchuk).RSSB36.Aramides saracura – Slaty breasted Wood-Rail
Frequent on river margins and near humid areas. CSS37.Pardirallus nigricans – Blackish Rail
Found in a pond near the vegetable garden and near the main harbour. SR38.Gallinula chloropus - Common Gallinule
Often in the swamp, where it was seen with 6 chicks (Mario Lapchuk). CSSSB39.Heliornis fulica – Sungrebe
Inhabits the San Francisco Stream, where it was observed with a chick in summer (Mario Lapchuk).RRB40.Jacana jacana – Wattled Jacana
Inhabits the swamp, where it was seen with 3 chicks in summer (Mario Lapchuk). CSCSB41.Vanellus chilensis – Southern Lapwing
Inhabits the main harbour area on the Iguazú River (where it nests), and the nearby fields.SCRB42.Columba cayennensis – Pale-vented Pigeon
Often seen perching on tall trees. CRR43.Columba picazuro – Picazuro Pigeon
Like the previous species, but more frequently; groups flying over the reserve are common.CCSC44.Zenaida auriculata – Eared Dove
Inhabits deforested or open areas. Observed nesting in a yerba mate plantation, with chicks, in February. SRRB45.Columbina talpacoti – Ruddy Ground-Dove
Like the previous species, inhabits modified areas mainly surrounding the reserve. SRR 46.Leptotila rufaxilla – Gray -fronted Dove
Seen or heard usually in the reserve. A nest with 3 eggs was found in summer (Mario Lapchuk). AAASB47.Geotrygon violacea – Violaceous Qual-Dove
A single observation in Pastura trail. Possibly tape-recorded by Mark Pearman (pers. com.) in the same trail in April 2001. R48.Aratinga leucophtalma – White-eyed Parakeet
One of the most abundant species; it forms flocks, sometimes of more than 30 individuals. Seen breeding in summer (Mario Lapchuk). AAAAB49.Pyrrhura frontalis – Reddish-bellied Parakeet
Also very frequent although in lower numbers than the previous species. AC C50.Forpus xanthopterygius – Blue-winged Parrotlet
Seen in small flocks. Found nesting in two ovenbird nests near the main harbour (Mr. Orlando). SRB51.Pionopsitta pileata – Red-capped Parrot
Recorded in all the surveys, but in low densities. SRSS52.Pionus maximiliani – Scaly headed Parrot
Seen in all the surveys, in small flocks. AASR53.Crotophaga ani – Smooth-billed Ani
Inhabits mainly open areas and semi-open areas, especially outside the reserve.SCCA54.Crotophaga major – Greater Ani
A migratory species that inhabits watercourses in the reserve. SSM55.Guira guira – Guira Cuckoo
Inhabits mainly in open areas, outside the reserve. R56.Dromococcyx pavoninus – Pavonine Cuckoo
Heard in the reserve in October.S57.Tapera naevia – Crespín
Observed in an open area, in the boundaries of the yerba mate plantation adjacent to the reserve. R58.Piaya cayana – Squirrel Cuckoo
One of the most common species in the reserve. ACAC59.Ciccaba huhula – Black-banded Owl
Seen or heard in the spring, summer and autumn surveys near the hotel. XXX60.Ciccaba virgata – Mottled Owl
First heard in spring in San Francisco trail. Also observed there in summer (cinnamon phase) and then in autumn (grey phase).XXX61.Otus choliba – Tropical Screech-Owl
Heard in spring, summer and autumn near the hotel. XXX62.Otus atricapillus – Long-tufted Screech Owl
First recorded in spring and then in summer and autumn. Usually sings near the hotel rooms, sometimes in pairs; the most abundant species. XXX63. Glaucidium brasilianum – Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl
Seen in Tacuara and the camino principal trails during one of the censuses. R64.Nyctibius griseus – Common Potoo
Heard in San Francisco trail in spring. X65.Lurocalis semitorquatus – Semicollared Nighthawk
Heard in spring and summer behind the hotel. XX66.Nyctidromus albicollis – Pauraque
Observed by Charlie Sandoval and Mario Lapchuk at the exit of the reserve. X67.Cypseloides senex – Great Dusky Swift
Some individuals were seen flying over the reserve in spring. R 68.Chaetura andrei – Ashy-tailed Swift
Frequently seen in groups at sunset flying over the reserve. CSS69.Chaetura cinereiventris – Gray-rumped Swift
A single observation near the hotel aerial, in autumn. R70.Phaethornis eurynome – Scale-throated Hermit
Relatively often seen or heard in shady areas of the reserve. ARAS 71.Thalurania glaucopis – Violet-capped Woodnymph
Frequent in the hotel gardens (especially in cannas) and lately also in drinking sites. ARS72.Stephanoxis lalandi – Black-breasted Plovercrest
Recorded twice, near the bamboo forests. RR73Chlorostilbon aureoventris – Glittering-bellied Esmerald
Recorded in summer during the census and observed in the drinking sites, not during the censuses, in autumn.RX74.Hylocharis chrysura – Gilded Sapphire
Recorded in summer. R75.Amazilia versicolor – Versicolored Esmerald
Observed in summer and autumn. Also frequent in drinking sites. RR76.Trogon rufus – Black-throated Trogon
Recorded in almost all the surveys; seen nesting in a cane in the Tacuara trail by Mr. Saúl. SRRB77.Trogon surrucura – Surucua Trogon
One of the most common species in the reserve; seen or heard in almost all the visits. Breeds in summer in the reserve (Mario Lapchuk). AAAAB78.Ceryle torquata – Ringed Kingfisher
Recorded in the areas surrounding the reserve, in a farm where there is a pond. R79.Chloroceryle amazona – Amazon Kingfisher
Frequently seen in any of the watercourses in the reserve. Breeds in summer (Mr. Saúl). RSSRB80.Chloroceryle americana – Green Kingfisher
Inhabits all the watercourses in the reserve.CS81Baryphthengus ruficapillus – Rufous Motmot
Heard almost always at dusk. It nested in a laurel 2 m in height on the main trail (Mr. Saúl). SSACB82.Selenidera maculirostris – Spot-billed Toucanet
Recorded only twice, on the visitors’ center. RRV
U83.Baillonius bailloni – Saffron Toucanet
Only a pair was observed, not during the censuses, on San Francisco trail during the spring survey. XV
U84.Pteroglossus castanotis – Chestnut-eared Aracari
The most common toucan, usually seen in flocks of approximately 6 individuals. It bred in summer in the swamp (Mario Lapchuk), where it now has a roosting site on a dry pindo. ACACB85.Rhamphastos dicolorus – Red-breasted Toucan
The second most frequent toucan, usually seen in small groups eating fruits high in the trees. SCRS86.Rhamphastos toco – Toco Toucan
Although it is one of the most frequent species in the adjacent Iguazú National Park, it is rarely seen in the reserve. RR87.Nonnula rubeluca – Rusty-breasted Nunlet
Only a pair seen in the Pastura trail. R88.Nystalus chacuru – White-eared Puffbird
A pair inhabits the area of the main harbour. S89.Notharchus macrorhynchus – White-necked Puffbird
Usually seen perching in the crown of tall trees, like giant pacara earpod tree. Seen going out of a tree hole by Mr. Saúl, hence breeding is suspected. SSRB?90.Colaptes campestris – Field Flicker
Seen in nearby farms. Individuals with pale or dark striated throats. RR91.Colaptes melanochloros – Green-barred Woodpecker
Seen in bamboo forests (e.g., Tacuara trail).RR92.Celeus flavescens – Blond-crested Woodpecker
Generally seen in the low stratum of the forest. RRRR93.Melanerpes flavifrons – Yellow-fronted-Woodpecker
Seen in tall trees, generally dry ones. RCR94.Veniliornis spilogaster – White-spotted Woodpecker
Inhabits dense areas of the forest, especially near watercourses like San Francisco Stream. SSRS95.Picumnus temminckii – Ochre colared Piculet
One of the most common woodpeckers. Seen in all the surveys. ACCA96.Melanerpes candidus – White Woodpecker
A family group was observed (with young individuals) in the Guayabal trail, along the Iguazú River margins. RB?97.Dryocopus lineatus – Lineated Woodpecker
The most common of the red crested woodpeckers. Seen near a tree hole in the area of the giant pacara earpod. CRSSB?98.Campephilus robustus – Robust Woodpecker
Seen relatively often. Birdwatchers usually confuse this species with Campephilus leucopogon, a species that prefers Chaco-type forests. A pair has a roosting site in a snag in the swamp. SSSR99.Xiphocolaptes albicollis – White throated Woodcreeper
A single observation in spring. R100.Dendrocolaptes platyrostris – Planalto Woodcreeper
Seen or heard in winter and spring.CS101.Lepidocolaptes fuscus – Lesser Woodcreeper
Seen or heard in the intermediate or low forest stratum. SSCS102.Dendrocincla turdina – Plain-winged Woodcreeper
Often seen or heard in pairs, sometimes following the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). RCRS103.Sittasomus griseicapillus – Olivaceous Woodcreeper
One of the most common species in the reserve. AAAC104.Furnarius rufus – Rufous Hornero
Usually seen in open areas in the main harbour. RSSSB105.Automolus leucophthalmus – White-eyed Foliage -gleaner
Fairly common, more often heard than seen. AACS106.Cranioleuca obsoleta – Olive Spinetail
A single observation in winter. R107.Synallaxis frontalis – Sooty-fronted Spinetail
A single observation in shrubs on the margins of Iguazú River in the main harbour in winter. R108.Synallaxis ruficapilla – Rufous-capped Spinetail
Seen or heard in dense bamboo forests.RS109.Synallaxis cinerascens – Gray-bellied Spinetail
Heard in the main trail only once. R110.Sclerurus scansor – Rufous-breasted Leafscraper
Heard in the Guazú path only once.R111.Syndactyla rufosuperciliata – Buff-browed Foliage-Gleaner
A very common species in Iguazú National Park, it was recorded with irregular frequency throughout the surveys, possibly because it is recorded mostly by the voice. ASR112.Philydor rufus – Buff-fronted Foliage-Gleaner
A single observation in Tacuara trail. S113.Philydor atricapillus – Black-capped Foliage-Gleaner
Recorded in two surveys in the Guazú trail. RR114.Philydor lichtensteini – Ochre-breasted Foliage -Gleaner
One of the most common species, often forming mixed flocks. AAAC115.Xenops minutus – Plain Xenops
A single record, heard at the start of the main trail. R116.Mackenziana leachii – Large-tailed Antshrike
A single record, in the forestation plot. R117.Mackenziana severa – Tufted Antshrike
Heard relatively often in the low part of the understory. SCSS118.Hypoedaleus guttatus – Spot-backed Antshrike
Very common, heard almost constantly, although it is difficult to watch in the high forest stratum. AAAC119.Thamnophilus ruficapillus – Rufous-capped Antshrike
A single record in shrubs in the nearby farms. R120.Thamnophilus caerulescens – Variable Antshrike
Recorded in the low forest stratum, within the reserve.RR121.Pyriglena leucoptera – White-shouldered Fire-eye
Usually heard in the low part of the understory. CSSS122.Dysithamnus mentalis – Plain Antvireo
One of the most common species in the reserve, in pairs or mixed flocks. ACAC123.Drymophila rubricollis – Bertoni´s Antbird
Generally in the dense areas or in open areas. SCS124.Drymophila malura – Dusky-tailed Antbird
Heard in a open area with bamboos, on Guazú trail. S125.Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus – Rufous-winged Antwren
One of the most common species of the high stratum. AAAC126.Terenura maculata – Streak-capped Antwren
Despite being very small, it can be recorded by the voice in the canopy. Sometimes with the previous species. CAAC127.Conopophaga lineata – Rufous Gnateater
Only some observations in the low forest stratum. SSC128.Chamaeza campanisona – Short-tailed Antthrush
A fairly common species in the low forest stratum. CCSC129.Grallaria varia – Variegated Antpitta
Only heard twice at sunrise on Guazú trail. S130.Pyroderus scutatus – Red-ruffed Fruitcrow
Seen with different frequency, generally eating fruits in the high or intermediate stratum of the forest. AS131.Tityra cayana – Black-tailed TityraRS132.Tityra inquisitor – Black.crowned Tityra
Both species inhabit the tree canopy. The latter is more common. SRRS133.Pachyramphus castaneus – Chestnut-crowned Becard
Seen only once on the main trail in the first survey. R134.Pachyramphus viridis – Green-backed Becard
One observation in San Francisco trail. R135.Manacus manacus – White-bearded Manakin
There are two leks of this species –on Pastura trail and on San Francisco River– in the low stratum. SCRR136.Chiroxiphia caudata – Swallow-tailed Manakin
Heard or seen fairly frequently in the low or intermediate stratum. A female was found incubating the eggs in front of the entrance house of the reserve in summer. RACCB137.Pipra fasciicauda – Band-tailed Manakin
Although in low densities, this species was generally recorded by its acute sound in the intermediate forest stratum, in all the surveys. SSSS138.Piprites chloris – Wing-barres Manakin
Fairly common in the reserve, especially in the high stratum. CCAC139.Schiffornis virescens - Greenish Mourner
Inhabits the low and dark stratum. Recorded in all surveys, mainly by its voice. ACCS140.Colonia colonus - Long-tailed Tyrant
Recorded in the high stratum, in all the surveys. Young individuals were found in summer. ACRSB?141.Empidonomus varius – Variegated Flycatcher
Seen once in Guayabal path. R142.Myiodynastes maculatus – Streaked Flycatcher
It was commonly observed in summer, even nesting at the mouth of the San Francisco stream. CMB143.Machetornis rixosus – Cattle Tyrant
Seen in the surroundings of open areas of the main harbour on the Iguazú River. S144.Capsiempis flaveola – Yellow Tyrannulet
Very common in the intermediate forest stratum, in dense areas of the forest edges or open areas. ACCR145.Legatus leucophaius – Piratic Flycatcher
Seen twice in the high stratum. RR146.Pitangus sulphuratus – Great Kiskadee
One of the most abundant bird species in the reserve, in several environments. Breeding species. AAAAB147.Megarhynchus pitangua – Boat-billed Flycatcher
Like the previous species, it is fairly frequent in the high stratum. ASCC148.Myiozetetes similis – Vermillon-crowned Flycatcher
It is common in the high and intermediate strata, sometimes near water. CCSC149.Tyrannus melancholicus – Tropical Kingbird
A migratory species that inhabits the high stratum. SSM150.Tyrannus savana – Fork-tailed Flycatcher
Also migratory, seen on the farms near the reserve. SM151.Sirystes sibilator – Sirystes
Heard or seen in the high stratum.
Se lo escucha o observa en el estrato alto.ASCR152.Myiarchus ferox – Short-crested Flycatcher
Found in the swamp area. SS153.Contopus cinereus - Tropical Pewee
Seen in the high stratum. SA154.Empidonax euleri – Euler´s Flycatcher
A migratory species, heard in summer. SM155.Cnemotriccus fuscatus – Fuscous Flycatcher
Inhabits dense bamboo forests; seen on Tacuara trail and heard in other areas of dense vegetation. RRS156.Myiophobus fasciatus – Bran-colored Flycatcher
Seen in shrubs in the bordering areas of the reserve, in yerba mate plantations. S157.Tolmomyias sulphurescens - Yellow-olive Flycatcher
Heard or seen in the intermediate and high strata.SRS158.Platyrinchus mystaceus – White-throated Spadebill
Heard only once, on Guayabal trail in spring. R159.Hemitriccus diops – Drab-breasyed Pygmy –Tyrant
A single record in a bamboo forest in Guazú trail. R160.Todirostrum plumbeiceps – Ochre-faced Tody-Tyrant
Heard or seen in open areas or bamboo forests on the sides of the trails or roads. RSRR161.Myiornis auricularis – Eared Pygmy –Tyrant
Fairly common in the medium stratum, sometimes near the bamboo forests. ACCS162.Phylloscartes ventralis – Mottled-cheeked Tyrannulet
Although very common in the paranaense forest, it was recorded only once on San Francisco trail. R163.Euscarthmus meloryphus – Tawny-crowned Pygmy-Tyrant
Seen in shrubby areas near the reserve. RRR164.Elaenia flavogaster – Yellow-bellied Elaenia
Inhabits shrubby areas in the main harbour area and in the hotel surroundings. SRS165.Myiopagis viridicata – Greenish Elaenia
Fairly common in the high stratum. Frequently detected by its cricket-like voice. CSR166.Myiopagis caniceps – Gray Elaenia
Also frequent in high areas, more detectable by the voice. CCSC167.Leptopogon amaurocephalus – Sepia-capped Flycatcher
Inhabits the intermediate and low strata, in shady areas. ASS168.Camptostoma obsoletum – Southern -beardless Tyrannulet
Inhabits the high stratum. Detected mainly by the voice. SRS169.Phyllomyias virescens – Greenish Tyrannulet
Seen in San Francisco trail and Guazú path. SR170.Corythopis delalandi – Southern Antpit
Inhabits the low stratum in humid areas within the reserve. SCCC171.Phaeoprogne tapera – Brown-crested Martin
Seen on the hotel aerial in autumn. R172.Notiochelidon cyanoleuca – Blue and White Swallow
Seen on the Iguazú River in winter. R173.Stelgidopteryx ruficollis – Rough-winged Swallow
Seen flying over San Francisco Stream and the hotel gardens. CR174.Cyanocorax chrysops – Plush-crested Jay
Very common in almost all the reserve. One nest was observed near the hotel in October. AAACB175.Troglodytes aedon – House Wren
Frequently seen or heard near the hotel. CASR176.Mimus saturninus – Chalk-browed Mockingbird
Mainly observed in the nearby farms. RRR177.Turdus amaurochalinus - Creamy-bellied Thrush
These first three thrush species are the most common and are observed in any habitat. ARAS178.Turdus leucomelas - Pale-breasted Thrush
A nest was seen (Mario Lapchuk)AA CB179.Turdus rufiventris – Rufous-bellied ThrushSRS180.Turdus albicollis – White-necked Thrush
Seen twice on the Pastura trail. RS181.Turdus subalaris – Eastern-slaty Thrush
Heard once, singing over the visitors’ center. R182.Anthus chii – Yellowish Pipit
Heard once in the nearby farms. R183.Polioptila lactea – Cream-bellied Gnatcatcher
Recorded in the margins of San Francisco stream and the ancient drainage network. RSR184.Hylophilus poicilotis – Rufous-crowned Greenlet
Seen on the Iguazú river margin, in the main harbour. R185.Vireo olivaceus – Red-eyed Vireo
Migratory species, recorded in spring and summer. ARM186.Cyclarhis gujanensis – Rufous Peppershrike
Although common in this kind of habitats, it was only recorded in winter. S187.Basileuterus rivularis – River Warbler
Recorded in San Francisco stream.RS188.Basileuterus culicivorus – Golden-crowned Warbler
One of the most abundant species in the reserve. AAAA189.Parula pitiayumi – Tropical Parula
Very frequent in the high stratum, sometimes with mixed flocks. AACC190.Geothlypis aequinoctialis – Masked Yellowthroat
Recorded in the small pond near the vegetable garden. SRR191.Conirostrum speciosum – Chestnut-vented Conebill
Inhabits the high stratum; usually not detected because of its small size and acute voice. Sometimes in mixed flocks. ASRR192.Dacnis cayana – Blue Dacnis
Observed in the intermediate stratum all the year round, sometimes in mixed flocks. CSRR193.Tersina viridis – Swallow-Tanager
Seen mainly in San Francisco stream. SC R194.Euphonia aureata – Blue-hooded Euponia
A female was recorded; then one individual was heard on the main trail.RR195.Euphonia chlorotica – Purple-throated Euphonia
The second most common species of the genus Euphonia. CSCR196.Euphonia violacea – Purple-throated Euphonia
Third most abundant among tanagers of the genus Euphonias. SRS197.Euphonia pectoralis – Chestnut-bellied Euphonia
The most common species of the genus Euphonia. Usually seen eating fruits, especially of Cecropia (Cecropia spp.), sometimes with other frugivorous species and euphonias. A nest with two chicks was found (Mario Lapchuk). ACACB198.Hemithraupis guira – Guira Tanager
Seen in high strata, sometimes in mixed flocks. ASRR199.Tangara seledon – Green-headed Tanager
A single record in the swamp. R200.Cissopis leveriana – Magpie Tanager
One of the most common frugivores in the reserve. AAAA201.Trichothraupis melanops – Black-goggled Tanager
Same as the previous species, seen almost every day. AAAC202.Tachyphonus coronatus – Ruby-crowned Tanager
Inhabits lower strata than the two previous species, hence it is more difficult to detect. ASRR203.Thraupis sayaca - Sayaca Tanager
Seen in high strata.SSS204.Pipraeidea melanonota – Fawn-breasted Tanager
A single observation, in the high stratum in San Francisco trail. R205.Habia rubica – Red-crowned Ant-Tanager
A very common species, in flocks in the understory. AAAS206.Piranga flava – Hepatic Tanager
A single observation in the high stratum on the main trail. R207.Thraupis bonariensis – Blue and Yellow Tanager
Seen in farms near the reserve. R208.Pyrrhocoma ruficeps – Chestnut-headed Tanager
Seen in the intermediate stratum with low frequency. SR209.Saltator similis – Green-winged Saltator
Although it was seen all the year round, it appears to be more common in spring, possibly because it sings more. RARR210.Pitylus fuliginosus – Black-throated Grosbeak
Seen once on the Pastura trail.R211.Cyanocompsa brissonii – Ultramarine Grosbeak
Seen in the farms near the reserve. S212.Volatinia jacarina – Blue-Black Grassquit
Seen in the farms near the reserve. RR213.Sporophila caerulescens – Double-collared Seedeater
Seen in farms and shrubby areas in the surroundings of the main harbour. RR214.Oryzoborus angolensis – Lesser Seed-Finch
Seen by Mr. Orlando in the surroundings of the main harbour. X215.Sicalis flaveola – Saffron Finch
Seen in the main harbour, in semi-open areas. RSR216.Coryphospingus cucullatus – Red-crested Finch
Usually seen in the forest edge or in the farms in the vicinity of the reserve. RCRR217.Zonotrichia capensis – Rufous -collared Sparrow
Seen in the farms. R218.Ammodramus humeralis – Grassland Sparrow
Seen in the farms.S219.Cacicus haemorrhous – Red-rumped Cacique
Very common. A colony established in the hotel gardens was abandoned when a frost dried the leaves of palmetto tree that supported the nests, which finally fell off. AAAAB220.Icterus cayanensis – Epaulet Oriole
Very common all throughout the reserve. Nested near the hotel in October. ASSAB
REFERENCES:
A = ABUNDANT
C = COMMON
S = SCARCE
R = RARE
X = OBSERVED, ABUNDANCE NOT DETECTED.
B = BREEDING
M = MIGRATORY
ANNEX II: List of additional animal species detected during the survey.
During the surveys along the trails, other animal species were observed, which are taxonomically listed following Chebez (1996):
Black and white tegu (Tupinambis teguixin teguixin): large specimens usually seen in the surroundings of the hotel kitchen.
Painted coral snake (Micrurus corallinus): an individual captured near the boardwalk in spring and another one observed in the Guazú path in summer.
Lanceheads (Bothrops spp.): an individual of about 50 cm found dead near the visitor center in summer.
Yellow rat snake (Spilotes pullatus pullatus): an individual crossing Tacuara trail in the summer survey and another one near the visitors’ center in the autumn survey.
Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris): in the swamp, medium-sized and small individuals observed in all the surveys.
Common Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis aurita): an individual observed in San Francisco path in summer and autumn.
Water Opossum (Chironectes minimus bresslaui): an individual, probably of this species, swam across the San Francisco Stream in spring.
Brown Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella vellerosus): small groups of approximately 20-30 individuals were observed in all they surveys.
Fox, probably Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous entrerianus): footprints and faeces, with rests of pindo palm coconut were observed in winter.
South American Coati (Nassua nassua solitaria): observed in all the surveys.
Little spotted cat (probably Margay tigrina guttula): footprints in winter and faeces in autumn.
Brazilian Tapir (Tapirus terrestris terrestris): footprints observed in winter and summer.
Collared Peccary Javelina (Dicotyles tajacu tajacu): three individuals crossed the Guazú trail in the winter survey. Individuals were heard in summer.
Red-brocket Deer (Mazama americana spp): an adult individual with young that still had white spots on the sides were observed in autumn.
Brazilian Rabbit or Tapiti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis paraguensis): seen in all the surveys, especially at night, on the main road, near the swamp.
Azara’s Agouti (Dasyprocta azarae paraguayensis): Seen in the spring, summer and autumn surveys.
Guianan Squirrel (Sciurus aestuans): Seen in all the surveys.
During the 2000-2001 season four bird count surveys were conducted in Yacutinga Wildlife Reserve, corresponding to each season of the year. On each occasion, all the trails in the reserve were surveyed, and data of presence of the bird species seen or heard were recorded. The trails of the reserve and surrounding areas were surveyed 28 times, totalling 114 observation hours. A total of 220 species were recorded, 5 of which are listed in the Red Book of threatened species of Argentina as vulnerable, 8 are migratory species and 28 are breeding species. Based on the number of species recorded in neighbouring areas that have not been recorded in the reserve yet, 320 species are estimated to occur in the reserve.
